The Toxic Legacy of Full Metal Jacket: Filming Amidst Asbestos Disaster
A Look into Hollywood’s Historic Tango with Asbestos
Stanley Kubrick’s 1987 epic war drama, ‘Full Metal Jacket,’ is best known for its searing exploration of the toxic nature of hyper-masculinity within the military. Still, beneath the powerful performances and thought-provoking themes lies a chilling reality – the film was shot in an environment as toxic as the story it was depicting.
Little did audiences know that the iconic scenes of young American men enduring vigorous training in preparation for the Vietnam War were filmed at an abandoned chemical plant in London. The site, once known as the Beckton Gas Works, had a sinister history, including the manufacture of hazardous chemicals and carcinogens; tragically, the fictional violence and brutality being captured on-screen was at play in other ways on set.
The Beckton Gas Works
The Beckton Gas Works was founded in 1879, producing a range of harmful substances such as coal tar, crude benzole, coal gas, and other toxic chemicals; exposure to these substances posed a severe health risk, making it far from an ideal filming location.
As the world transitioned to natural gas in the flower power sixties, the plant’s decline began, eventually becoming a derelict location – and a fantastic backdrop frequently used for film productions, including the British comedy, ‘It’s a Square World,’ where toxic chemical waste and asbestos dust even doubled as a prop for mountaineering scenes – scarily true.
Big Films Flock to Epic Backdrop
By June 1, 1970, Beckton Gas Works had officially ceased operations and soon became a popular filming spot for increasingly notable movies, such as the James Bond film, ‘For Your Eyes Only’ (1981) and the adaptation of George Orwell’s ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ (1984).
When Stanley Kubrick chose the location for ‘Full Metal Jacket’ in 1985, the plant was slated for demolition, allowing the director to create a realistic war-torn Vietnam environment by destroying actual buildings; unfortunately, no one foresaw the deadly consequences of this artistic decision.
The architects responsible for constructing the Beckton Gas Works had also constructed buildings in Huế, Vietnam, making it easier to dress up the location authentically for the film. Still, the perilous oversight was that the very buildings they were utilizing contained asbestos, a material notorious for causing severe lung diseases; as the crew blew up these structures to capture the devastation of war on film, toxic dust filled with asbestos particles was unknowingly sent throughout the film set, and into the lungs of actors and film crew alike.
Remarkably, even after the demolition of the plant, it found further use as a post-apocalyptic backdrop for several projects; perhaps most bizarrely, from 1989 to 2001, the site’s toxic mounds were transformed into a dry ski slope known as the ‘Beckton Alps.’
Eventually, the area underwent significant changes, with light industrial estates and commercial housing replacing the once-toxic surroundings.
Thanks to efforts to contain the harmful chemicals, the artificial Alps were sealed in clay, leading to the emergence of flourishing grasslands.
For most of the cast and crew, no significant health issues were reported following the completion of ‘Full Metal Jacket.’ However, lead actor Matthew Modine shared in interviews that he had developed a permanent cough since working in the hazardous environment.
“That was one of the most toxic places I’ve ever been in my life,’ said Modine in recent interview with ReelBlend, ‘There was asbestos everywhere from the buildings that were knocked down. Nobody thought about it being something that was dangerous.’
Modine also vividly recalled how his bathwater turned cobalt blue after each shoot due to chemicals lingering on his skin. Modine’s presence in almost every scene shot at Beckton raised concerns about the extent of his exposure to these harmful substances, and given the decades of time it can take for asbestos-related disease to develop, the fear was real despite his overall good health.
Hollywood’s Tragic Relationship to Asbestos
The magic of cinema now relies heavily on CGI (Computer Generated Imaging) to create stunning visual effects. In the early years of filmmaking, however, everything had to be meticulously staged in real-time, including creating the illusion of snowfall on screen.
Movies like ‘The Wizard of Oz’ (1939) and ‘It’s a Wonderful Life’ (1942) featured iconic scenes with actors surrounded by the falling asbestos-laden ‘snow.’ What many people may not know is that, during that era, Hollywood actually used 100% chrysotile asbestos to simulate snow in many of their films; even the beloved Christmas movie, Holiday Inn (1942), employed asbestos to create snowy scenes, and as it was a Christmas-themed film, there was an abundance of it.
Now we fully understand the dangers of asbestos, it’s almost inconceivable to think of those beloved actors and other film workers being exposed to such vast amounts of this hazardous material. The health risks associated with asbestos are well-known, and the thought of its use in film production seems alarming now – hindsight is sadly, certainly 20/20 in this case.
Fortunately, during that generation of actors, the risk of exposure was relatively low, as most film productions used asbestos in smaller quantities. Asbestos-related illnesses are more likely to develop after prolonged and continuous exposure, sparing many of the actors from immediate or long-term harm, although not in every case.
Steve McQueen and Asbestos
On November 7, 2020, the world marked the 40th anniversary of the death of renowned American actor, Steve McQueen, also known as ‘The King of Cool,’ and was one of America’s most popular and highest-paid actors during the early 1970s.
While this legendary actor didn’t feature in ‘Full Metal Jacket,’ McQueen gained fame for his roles in many other iconic movies such as ‘The Magnificent Seven,’ ‘Sand Pebbles,’ and ‘Wanted: Dead or Alive.’
The King of Cool
Alarmingly, in 1978, McQueen developed a persistent dry cough, leading him to quit smoking and seek treatments, however, his condition worsened over time. A biopsy carried out in 1979 revealed he was suffering from pleural mesothelioma, a deadly cancer caused by asbestos exposure.
McQueen believed he was exposed to asbestos during his time spent as a U.S. Marine, during which he handled vast amounts of asbestos pipe lagging. He also categorically stated that his safety was compromised while working as an actor around asbestos-containing stage insulation, stunt suits, fake snow, and more.
The Latency of Mesothelioma and Asbestos-related Lung Cancer
Mesothelioma symptoms can take decades to manifest, and despite efforts to manage the disease with medication and a healthy lifestyle, there is yet to be any known cure. Devastatingly, patients diagnosed with mesothelioma are typically given a life expectancy of around 12 months.
In the months before his death, after U.S. doctors had told McQueen unequivocally they could do nothing to prolong his life, McQueen traveled to Mexico in search of alternative therapies. He sought treatment from controversial doctor, William Donald Kelley, who used various unconventional methods, including coffee enemas, live cell injections, and massage therapies. Despite his best efforts and costly medical outlay, McQueen’s condition worsened, and he eventually passed away on November 7, 1980. The official cause of Steve McQueen’s untimely death was due to a cardiac arrest following surgery to remove mesothelioma tumors. He was 50 years old.
A Poignant Reminder of Asbestos’ Dangers
As we reflect on the making of ‘Full Metal Jacket’ and the risks its team unknowingly faced, it’s crucial to acknowledge the progress made in safeguarding actors and filmmakers from such hazardous conditions.
Just as we now shudder at the asbestos-riddled set of the iconic ‘The Wizard of Oz,’ we must be grateful for the growing awareness and measures taken to ensure the safety of those in the film industry. The toxic legacy of ‘Full Metal Jacket’ serves as a poignant reminder of the responsibility we bear to protect those who bring our cinematic stories to life.